Avaliação da geração de biogás a partir de resíduos agroindustriais e emprego do biofertilizante na remediação de solos contaminados por hidrocarbonetos
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2015-11
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Granada, Camille Eichelberger
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Resumo
A utilização de combustíveis fósseis como fonte de energia pode gerar impactos ambientais tais como emissão de gases poluentes e contaminação de solos. Uma alternativa para minimização destes impactos é o aproveitamento do resíduo da biodigestão da matéria orgânica em ambiente anaeróbico, utilizado na produção de biogás. O uso desta tecnologia, além de gerar um gás com alto teor calorífico, produz um efluente estabilizado (biofertilizante) que, quando disposto em solos, tem o potencial de incrementar os nutrientes, tornando-os mais ricos e com maior desenvolvimento da comunidade microbiana. Em áreas onde estão localizados postos de gasolina, vazamentos de derivados de petróleo causam a contaminação dos solos, sendo necessário um tratamento que vise à redução das quantidades de poluentes e evite que esta contaminação escoe para os lençóis freáticos. A técnica de biorremediação pode ser uma alternativa eficiente e de baixo custo para o tratamento destes solos. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial dos resíduos de uma indústria alimentícia e frigorífico de suínos e aves na geração de biogás e utilizar o biofertilizante obtido pelo processo de biodigestão anaeróbia na biorremediação de solos contaminados com gasolina. Os resíduos agroindustriais submetidos à digestão anaeróbia geraram aproximadamente 13L de biogás, dentre este volume, aproximadamente 10L foi de metano (CH4). As análises físico-químicas do biofertilizante mostraram redução dos sólidos totais (ST), demanda biológica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N), confirmando que houve degradação da matéria orgânica pelos microrganismos. No experimento de biorremediação os tratamentos de solo contaminado (SC) e solo contaminado mais biofertilizante (SCB) apresentaram redução significativa dos hidrocarbonetos, todos variando de 80 a 100% de remoção. Ao longo do experimento, foi verificado que a detecção dos hidrocarbonetos em SCB foi menor que SC, fato que possivelmente ocorreu pela adição de matéria orgânica que auxilia na retenção dos hidrocarbonetos no solo. Com a análise dos dados apresentados, pode-se concluir que os resíduos da indústria alimentícia e frigorífico são bons produtores de biogás quando dispostos em ambiente anaeróbico e que o aumento de matéria orgânica em solos contaminados aumenta a retenção dos hidrocarbonetos neste ambiente e não influencia na velocidade de degradação dos mesmos.
The use of fossil fuel as a source of energy can generate environmental impacts such as emission of pollutant gases and soil contamination. An alternative to minimize from these impacts is the use of waste from the biodigestion of organic material in anaerobic environment, used in the biogas production. The use of this technology, besides generating gas with a high calorific content, produces a stabilized effluent (biofertilizer) that, when arranged on soils, has the potential to increase the nutrients, making them richer and with a greater development of the microbial community. In areas where gas stations are located, leaks of petroleum products cause soil contamination, which needs a treatment aiming the reduction of the amounts of pollutants, and avoiding the contamination from flowing to the groundwater. The technique of bioremediation can be an efficient alternative and with a low cost for the treatment of these soils. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential of the waste from a food industry and swine and poultry slaughterhouse in biogas generation and use bio-fertilizer obtained by the process of anaerobic biodigestion in bioremediation of soils contaminated by gasoline. The agro-industrial waste subjected to anaerobic digestion generated approximately 13L of biogas, from this volume, approximately 10L was of methane (CH4). The physicochemical analyses of the biofertilizer showed a reduction of total solids (TS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N), sustaining that there was degradation of organic material by the microorganisms. In the experiment of bioremediation, the treatments of contaminated soil (CS) and contaminated soil plus bio-fertilizer (CSB) showed a significant reduction of hydrocarbons, all of them varying from 80 to 100% of removal. Throughout the experiment, it was found that the detection of hydrocarbons in contaminated soil plus bio-fertilize was lower than in contaminated soil, fact that probably occurred due to addition of organic material that helps in the retention of hydrocarbons in the soil. With the analysis of the presented data, we can conclude that the waste of food industry and slaughterhouse are good biogas producers when they are in anaerobic environment, and that the increase of organic material in contaminated soils increases the retention of hydrocarbons in this environment and it doesn’t influence on the speed of their degradation.
The use of fossil fuel as a source of energy can generate environmental impacts such as emission of pollutant gases and soil contamination. An alternative to minimize from these impacts is the use of waste from the biodigestion of organic material in anaerobic environment, used in the biogas production. The use of this technology, besides generating gas with a high calorific content, produces a stabilized effluent (biofertilizer) that, when arranged on soils, has the potential to increase the nutrients, making them richer and with a greater development of the microbial community. In areas where gas stations are located, leaks of petroleum products cause soil contamination, which needs a treatment aiming the reduction of the amounts of pollutants, and avoiding the contamination from flowing to the groundwater. The technique of bioremediation can be an efficient alternative and with a low cost for the treatment of these soils. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential of the waste from a food industry and swine and poultry slaughterhouse in biogas generation and use bio-fertilizer obtained by the process of anaerobic biodigestion in bioremediation of soils contaminated by gasoline. The agro-industrial waste subjected to anaerobic digestion generated approximately 13L of biogas, from this volume, approximately 10L was of methane (CH4). The physicochemical analyses of the biofertilizer showed a reduction of total solids (TS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N), sustaining that there was degradation of organic material by the microorganisms. In the experiment of bioremediation, the treatments of contaminated soil (CS) and contaminated soil plus bio-fertilizer (CSB) showed a significant reduction of hydrocarbons, all of them varying from 80 to 100% of removal. Throughout the experiment, it was found that the detection of hydrocarbons in contaminated soil plus bio-fertilize was lower than in contaminated soil, fact that probably occurred due to addition of organic material that helps in the retention of hydrocarbons in the soil. With the analysis of the presented data, we can conclude that the waste of food industry and slaughterhouse are good biogas producers when they are in anaerobic environment, and that the increase of organic material in contaminated soils increases the retention of hydrocarbons in this environment and it doesn’t influence on the speed of their degradation.
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Palavras-chave
Substratos; Energia renovável; Biorremediação; Hidrocarbonetos
Citação
MARDER, Munique. Avaliação da geração de biogás a partir de resíduos agroindustriais e emprego do biofertilizante na remediação de solos contaminados por hidrocarbonetos. 2015. Monografia (Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental) – Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, nov. 2015. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/946.