Avaliação do desempenho de um Wetland construído na etapa de polimento final de uma estação compacta de tratamento de esgoto doméstico
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Date
2016-02-04
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Silva, Maria Cristina De Almeida
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Abstract
O tratamento do esgoto sanitário, antes do seu lançamento em qualquer corpo hídrico, tem como objetivo impedir o contato dos despejos (resíduos e dejetos humanos) com a população, com a água de abastecimento e irrigação de alimentos, inibindo vetores patogênicos e reduzindo custos médico-hospitalares, além de controlar a poluição e manter o ambiente sustentável. Há soluções para a retirada do esgoto e dejetos ainda que o fornecimento de água não seja canalizado.Outra importante razão para tratar os esgotos é a preservação do meio ambiente. As substâncias presentes no esgoto exercem ação deletéria nos corpos de água: a matéria orgânica pode diminuir a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido provocando a morte de peixes e outros organismos aquáticos, escurecimento da água e exalação de odores desagradáveis.Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um Wetland Construído (WC), de fluxo horizontal subsuperficial. O sistema está localizado em um condomínio residencial, composto por cinco prédios, totalizando 80 famílias e população total de aproximadamente 320 pessoas, na cidade de Lajeado - RS. O WC recebe o efluente de uma Estação Compacta de Tratamento de Esgoto Doméstico, que consiste em tratamento preliminar, do tipo gradeamento e caixa desarenadora, e tratamento biológico, constituído por Reator UASB e Filtro Anaeróbio. O projeto está dimensionado para um tempo de detenção hidráulica de aproximadamente 5 dias no WC, onde após esta etapa o efluente é clorado numa caixa de desinfecção, antes de ir para o corpo receptor . As amostragens foram realizadas na entrada e na saída da Wetland, com periodicidade inicial semanal e posteriormente mensal, entre os anos de 2011 e 2014. No decorrer dos anos de 2011 até 2014, o efluente tratado apresentou valores percentuais médios de redução: DQO até 76,5%, DBO5 até 70,3%, SST até 90,3%, turbidez até 88,3% , coliformes totais até 40,7%, coliformes termotolerantes até 61,3%, fósforo total até 71,5%, NTK até 64,8% e nitrogênio amoniacal até 64,6%. O efluente final apresentou no decorrer do período de estudo comportamentos distintos quanto à redução dos parâmetros. Houve perda considerável de rendimento principalmente na redução dos parâmetros relacionados a nutrientes e boa eficiência e estabilização frente aos demais parâmetros, principalmente quanto a DBO, DQO SST e turbidez.O presente estudo mostrou que Wetlands horizontais de fluxo subsuperficial construídas podem efetivamente atuar como polimento final de efluentes de reatores anaeróbios, sendo capazes de atingir a maioria dos padrões de lançamento exigidos pela legislação ambiental em vigor.
The sewage treatment before its discharge into any hydrous body of water has the aim of prevent the contact between waste (human residue and waste) with the population, water supplies and crop irrigation, therefore inhibiting pathogenic vectors and reducing medicalhospital care costs, besides promoting pollution control and sustainable environment. There are solutions for the withdrawal of sewage and waste even if the water supply is not piped. Another important reason for the waste processing is the environment preservation. The substances found in the sewer system carry out a deleterious doing in the bodies of water: the organic matter might lower the concentration of dissolved oxygen causing the death of fish and other water organisms, darkening the water and exhaling unpleasant odors. The aim of the present work is to assess the efficiency of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW). The system was developed in a residential condominium, which comprises five apartment buildings, in a total of eighty families and a population of three hundred and twenty people in the city of Lajeado/RS. The CW receives the effluent of a Compact Domestic Sewage Treatment Station which consists of a preliminary treatment, of gridding and sand filter, and biological treatment, built by UASB Reactor and anaerobic filter. The project is dimensioned for an approximately five-day´s time of water holding, when after this stage the effluent is chlorinated in a disinfection box before it hits the receiving body. The samples were taken in the entrance and in the outlet of the Wetland, initially with weekly intervals and later in monthly spans, between the years of 2011 and 2014. Throughout this time, the treated effluent displayed an average percentage reduction of DQO up to 76.5%, DBO5 up to 70.3%, SST up to 90.3%, turbidity up to 88.3%, total coliforms up to 40.7%, thermotolerant coliforms up to 61.3%, total phosphorus up to 71.35%, NTK up to 64.8% and nitrogen ammoniacal up to 64.6%. The final effluent exhibited in the course of the study distinct behavior regarding the reduction parameter. There was substantial loss in performance mainly in the diminution of nutrients and good efficiency and stabilization facing the other parameters, mainly concerning DBO, DQO, SST and turbidity. The present study has shown that horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands may operate as final polish of effluents of anaerobic reactors, being able to meet most standards required by the current environmental laws.
The sewage treatment before its discharge into any hydrous body of water has the aim of prevent the contact between waste (human residue and waste) with the population, water supplies and crop irrigation, therefore inhibiting pathogenic vectors and reducing medicalhospital care costs, besides promoting pollution control and sustainable environment. There are solutions for the withdrawal of sewage and waste even if the water supply is not piped. Another important reason for the waste processing is the environment preservation. The substances found in the sewer system carry out a deleterious doing in the bodies of water: the organic matter might lower the concentration of dissolved oxygen causing the death of fish and other water organisms, darkening the water and exhaling unpleasant odors. The aim of the present work is to assess the efficiency of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW). The system was developed in a residential condominium, which comprises five apartment buildings, in a total of eighty families and a population of three hundred and twenty people in the city of Lajeado/RS. The CW receives the effluent of a Compact Domestic Sewage Treatment Station which consists of a preliminary treatment, of gridding and sand filter, and biological treatment, built by UASB Reactor and anaerobic filter. The project is dimensioned for an approximately five-day´s time of water holding, when after this stage the effluent is chlorinated in a disinfection box before it hits the receiving body. The samples were taken in the entrance and in the outlet of the Wetland, initially with weekly intervals and later in monthly spans, between the years of 2011 and 2014. Throughout this time, the treated effluent displayed an average percentage reduction of DQO up to 76.5%, DBO5 up to 70.3%, SST up to 90.3%, turbidity up to 88.3%, total coliforms up to 40.7%, thermotolerant coliforms up to 61.3%, total phosphorus up to 71.35%, NTK up to 64.8% and nitrogen ammoniacal up to 64.6%. The final effluent exhibited in the course of the study distinct behavior regarding the reduction parameter. There was substantial loss in performance mainly in the diminution of nutrients and good efficiency and stabilization facing the other parameters, mainly concerning DBO, DQO, SST and turbidity. The present study has shown that horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands may operate as final polish of effluents of anaerobic reactors, being able to meet most standards required by the current environmental laws.
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Keywords
Esgoto sanitário; Reatores UASB; Wetlands construídos
Citation
SOUZA, Alexandre Batista Machado De. Avaliação do desempenho de um Wetland construído na etapa de polimento final de uma estação compacta de tratamento de esgoto doméstico. 2015. Monografia (Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental) – Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 01 dez. 2015. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/942.