A alternância política na América Latina: a guinada da direita na Venezuela, Chile, Brasil e Argentina
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Data
2020-11
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Ferreira, Thiago Borne
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Resumo
A América Latina sofreu marcantes oscilações políticas durante as últimas três décadas. No final dos anos 1990, diversos países da região vivenciaram a chamada Onda Rosa, caracterizada pela ascensão de partidos de esquerda cuja agenda comum estava baseada na promoção de reformas sociais. Esta análise manifestou a exaustão de modelos governamentais que deram precedente à abertura do cenário político para novas administrações, com o apoio popular e o respaldo democrático. Destaca-se que os países latino-americanos, individualmente, apresentavam fortes tendências político-ideológicas guiadas por governos neoliberais como uma busca de ascensão de novas classes sociais e partidos ao poder. A partir de meados dos anos 2010, esta tendência passou a se reverter. Diversos partidos de direita chegaram ao poder na região, dando início à Maré Azul, ou Onda Conservadora. O movimento, que é composto, portanto, pela vitória de ideais de direita nos processos eleitorais, demarca os atuais partidos e lideranças no poder. Através das experiências políticas vivenciadas no continente, o presente trabalho buscou, inicialmente, analisar as diferenças existentes dentro do espectro político. Os conceitos “direita” e “esquerda”, utilizados ao longo do texto, foram abordados com a intenção de distinguir, clarificar e sintetizar o debate sobre as ideologias através das óticas da ciência política, da filosofia e das relações internacionais. Para além das propostas políticas em voga, este trabalho analisou o fenômeno da alternância política na América Latina a partir do estudo comparado de quatro casos: Venezuela, Chile, Brasil e Argentina. Os países escolhidos foram os precursores a registrarem a guinada de esquerda nos âmbitos domésticos. Em seguida, o trabalho apresentou um balanço dos processos de alternância política nos casos em questão, destacando os principais atores, partidos, e ideias que alavancaram mudanças de governo a partir do final da Guerra Fria. Foram utilizadas, fundamentalmente, fontes secundárias para a elaboração da pesquisa, cujo escopo temporal está limitado às últimas três décadas. Além da revisão bibliográfica, de artigos e de periódicos publicados sobre o tema, viu-se necessário estabelecer uma exposição histórica para o tópico. Sobretudo, foi primordial averiguar a guinada da esquerda nos Estados nacionais latinos e, posteriormente, projetar a mesma investigação detalhada nas ocorrências subsequentes que deram origem ao fenômeno da ascensão da direita.
Latin America has experienced marked political fluctuations during the past three decades. In the late 1990s, several countries in the region experienced the so-called Pink Tide, characterized by the rise of leftist parties whose common agenda was based on the promotion of social reforms. This analysis intended to show the exhaustion of government models that preceded the opening of the political scenario to new administrations, with both popular and democratic support. It is noteworthy that Latin American countries individually had strong political-ideological trends guided by neoliberal governments as a search for the rise of new social groups and parties to power. As of the mid-2010s, this trend started to change. Several right-wing parties came to power in the region, initiating the Blue Tide, or Conservative Wave. The movement is characterized by the victory of ideas and proposals of the right and of the parties and leaders currently in power. Through the political experiences lived on the continent, the present work initially sought to analyze the differences held within the political spectrum. The concepts of "right" and "left" used throughout the text were approached with the intention of distinguishing, clarifying and synthesizing the debate on ideologies through the optics of political science, philosophy, and international relations. In addition to the current political proposals, this work analyzed the phenomenon of political alternation in Latin America from the comparative study of four cases: Venezuela, Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. The countries chosen were the forerunners in registering the left turn in the domestic sphere. Then, the work presented a balance of the processes of political alternation in each of the four cases, highlighting the main actors, parties, and ideas that leveraged changes in government since the end of the Cold War. Secondary sources were fundamentally used for the lead up research, whose temporal scope is limited to the last three decades. In addition to the literature review of articles and periodicals on the topic, it was necessary to establish a historical exhibition for the topic. Above all, it was essential to verify the left's turn in Latin national states and to subsequently outline a detailed investigation into the ensuing occurrences that outcame the phenomenon of the right’s rise.
Latin America has experienced marked political fluctuations during the past three decades. In the late 1990s, several countries in the region experienced the so-called Pink Tide, characterized by the rise of leftist parties whose common agenda was based on the promotion of social reforms. This analysis intended to show the exhaustion of government models that preceded the opening of the political scenario to new administrations, with both popular and democratic support. It is noteworthy that Latin American countries individually had strong political-ideological trends guided by neoliberal governments as a search for the rise of new social groups and parties to power. As of the mid-2010s, this trend started to change. Several right-wing parties came to power in the region, initiating the Blue Tide, or Conservative Wave. The movement is characterized by the victory of ideas and proposals of the right and of the parties and leaders currently in power. Through the political experiences lived on the continent, the present work initially sought to analyze the differences held within the political spectrum. The concepts of "right" and "left" used throughout the text were approached with the intention of distinguishing, clarifying and synthesizing the debate on ideologies through the optics of political science, philosophy, and international relations. In addition to the current political proposals, this work analyzed the phenomenon of political alternation in Latin America from the comparative study of four cases: Venezuela, Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. The countries chosen were the forerunners in registering the left turn in the domestic sphere. Then, the work presented a balance of the processes of political alternation in each of the four cases, highlighting the main actors, parties, and ideas that leveraged changes in government since the end of the Cold War. Secondary sources were fundamentally used for the lead up research, whose temporal scope is limited to the last three decades. In addition to the literature review of articles and periodicals on the topic, it was necessary to establish a historical exhibition for the topic. Above all, it was essential to verify the left's turn in Latin national states and to subsequently outline a detailed investigation into the ensuing occurrences that outcame the phenomenon of the right’s rise.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
América Latina; Esquerda; Direita; Onda Rosa; Onda Conservadora; Latin America; Left; Right; Progressive neoliberalism; Pink Tide; Conservative Wave
Citação
CORRÊA, Tammy Eduarda. A alternância política na América Latina: a guinada da direita na Venezuela, Chile, Brasil e Argentina. 2020. Monografia (Graduação em Relações Internacionais) – Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 08 dez. 2020. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/3080.