Resposta da diversidade taxonômica e funcional de formigas (hymenoptera, formicidae) em diferentes usos do solo na Amazônia brasileira
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Date
2021-10
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Périco, Eduardo
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Abstract
As emergentes preocupações com o crescente quadro de destruição ambiental têm levado à busca de indicadores ecológicos capazes de fornecer informações sobre o grau de integridade dos ambientes em que se encontram. E levando em consideração que a Floresta Amazônica apresenta uma elevada biodiversidade, que rapidamente passa por modificações oriundas das elevadas pressões antrópicas associadas ao intenso crescimento populacional e mudanças no regime sócio-ecológico, estudos nessas florestas têm se mostrado cada vez mais importantes e necessários, a fim de melhor compreensão dos principais serviços ecossistêmicos prestados elas e como as diferentes atividades humanas interfere no funcionamento desses ecossistemas. A análise de integridade ecológica através de bioindicadores é uma importante ferramenta para medir o grau de conservação/degradação de um determinado ecossistema. Os bioindicadores são grupos ou táxons de organismos vivos, que são utilizados estrategicamente, por serem capazes de refletir mudanças na comunidade, no ecossistema ou no habitat alterado, de acordo com suas necessidades ecológicas. A presente tese teve como objetivo principal conhecer a resposta das formigas de solo em ambientes com diferentes níveis de degradação na Amazônia Brasileira, procurando determinar como diferentes ações antrópicas interferem nas resposta da diversidade funcional e taxonômica. Para tanto, amostragens foram realizadas no estado do Pará em diferentes tipos de uso solo: Florestas Primárias (áreas de controle); Florestas Secundárias (áreas de preservação intermediária, com cinco e quinze anos de regeneração) e áreas impactadas (pastagens e lavouras de cacau). Nossos resultados mostraram que: (i) os habitats diferem em termos de riqueza de espécies, composição taxonômica e funcional, com cada habitat apoiando espécies e grupos indicadores exclusivas; (ii) habitats perturbados (isto é, a substituição de florestas nativas por pastagens ou agricultura) são capazes de reter uma pequena proporção de espécies e grupos taxonômicos associados a florestas nativas ou florestas secundárias; e (iii) espécies florestais especializadas desaparecem após o esgotamento do habitat preservado. Desta forma, demonstramos que as assembleias de formigas do solo podem ser usadas para predizer com sucesso a condição ambiental dos habitats/ecossistemas dominantes na região estudada. Portanto, elas são considerados um passo à frente no apoio à tomada de decisões e, possivelmente, na gestão/recuperação robusta de ecossistemas, no contexto da necessidade de metodologias de avaliação rápidas, padronizadas e econômicas.
Emerging concerns about the growing picture of environmental destruction have led to the search for ecological indicators capable of providing information on the degree of integrity of the environments in which they are found, and taking into account that the Amazon Forest has high biodiversity, which rapidly undergoes changes arising from the high anthropogenic pressures associated with intense population growth and changes in the socio-ecological regime, studies in these forests have shown themselves to be increasingly important and necessary, the in order to better understand the main ecosystem services they provide and how different human activities interfere in the functioning of these ecosystems. Ecological integrity analysis through bioindicators is an important tool to measure the degree of conservation/degradation of a given ecosystem. Bioindicators are groups or taxa of living organisms that are used strategically, as they are capable of reflecting changes in the community, ecosystem, or altered habitat, according to their ecological needs. The main objective of this thesis was to know the response of soil ants in environments with different levels of degradation in the Brazilian Amazon, trying to determine how different anthropic actions interfere in the response of functional and taxonomic diversity. Therefore, sampling was carried out in the state of Pará in different types of land use: Primary Forests (control areas); Secondary Forests (intermediate preservation areas, with five and fifteen years of regeneration) and impacted areas (pastures and cocoa plantations). Our results showed that: (i) habitats differ in terms of species richness, taxonomic and functional composition, with each habitat supporting unique species and indicator groups; (ii) disturbed habitats (ie, the replacement of native forests by pastures or agriculture) are capable of retaining a small proportion of species and taxonomic groups associated with native forests or secondary forests; and (iii) specialized forest species disappear after the depletion of preserved habitat. In this way, we demonstrate that soil ant assemblages can be used to successfully predict the environmental condition of the dominant habitats/ecosystems in the studied region.
Emerging concerns about the growing picture of environmental destruction have led to the search for ecological indicators capable of providing information on the degree of integrity of the environments in which they are found, and taking into account that the Amazon Forest has high biodiversity, which rapidly undergoes changes arising from the high anthropogenic pressures associated with intense population growth and changes in the socio-ecological regime, studies in these forests have shown themselves to be increasingly important and necessary, the in order to better understand the main ecosystem services they provide and how different human activities interfere in the functioning of these ecosystems. Ecological integrity analysis through bioindicators is an important tool to measure the degree of conservation/degradation of a given ecosystem. Bioindicators are groups or taxa of living organisms that are used strategically, as they are capable of reflecting changes in the community, ecosystem, or altered habitat, according to their ecological needs. The main objective of this thesis was to know the response of soil ants in environments with different levels of degradation in the Brazilian Amazon, trying to determine how different anthropic actions interfere in the response of functional and taxonomic diversity. Therefore, sampling was carried out in the state of Pará in different types of land use: Primary Forests (control areas); Secondary Forests (intermediate preservation areas, with five and fifteen years of regeneration) and impacted areas (pastures and cocoa plantations). Our results showed that: (i) habitats differ in terms of species richness, taxonomic and functional composition, with each habitat supporting unique species and indicator groups; (ii) disturbed habitats (ie, the replacement of native forests by pastures or agriculture) are capable of retaining a small proportion of species and taxonomic groups associated with native forests or secondary forests; and (iii) specialized forest species disappear after the depletion of preserved habitat. In this way, we demonstrate that soil ant assemblages can be used to successfully predict the environmental condition of the dominant habitats/ecosystems in the studied region.
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Keywords
Insetos; Floresta tropical; Funções ecossistêmicas; Indicadores ecológicos; Insects; Tropical forest; Ecosystem functions; Ecological indicators
Citation
SILVA, Wully Barreto Da. Resposta da diversidade taxonômica e funcional de formigas (hymenoptera, formicidae) em diferentes usos do solo na Amazônia brasileira. 2021. Tese (Doutorado) – Curso de Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 20 out. 2021. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10737/3269.